Cuneiform And Hieroglyphics Essay Example for Free

Cuneiform And Hieroglyphics EssayThe invention of writing was an important part of the development of Sumer and Egypt. There are many similarities and differences to the writings of each of these civilizations.The Sumerians developed a writing called cuneiform. Cuneiform is the oldest written language in existence. Each picture represents a living or nonliving thing.Cuneiform was written on clay tablets with a wedge-shaped instrument called a stylus. Henry Creswicke Rawlinson was the first person to decipher the meanings of cuneiform. He did so in 1846. Cuneiform eventually spread throughout the region and was adopted by many other early civilizations.The Egyptians developed a writing that they named hieroglyphics. The news hieroglyphic means ?sacred inscriptions? because they were often written on the walls of temples. Hieroglyphics were created about 5000 years ago. There are not any vowels, only consonants. There is as well as no punctuation.In 1799, the Rosetta Stone was d iscovered. The Rosetta Stone was the secret to discovering the meanings of hieroglyphics. On the Rosetta Stone there were three sections of print, each saying the same thing but in different languages. At the top, the paragraph was written in hieroglyphics. Second, it was written in Demotic. Lastly the paragraph was written in Ancient Greek. By reading the quaint Greek word and names, the other paragraphs could be deciphered. Twenty-three years after it?s discovery, Jean-FranVois Champollion figured out what the hieroglyphics meant. Hieroglyphics are pictures that represent a letter.In some(prenominal) civilizations, mostly only scribes knew how to read and write. Being a scribe was a very honorable profession. People who were to become scribes went to school for many years showtime at a young age. The profession of being a scribe was passed down through families if a boy?s father was a scribe, he would become one alike.Because children needed to be taught to read and write when they were tobecome scribes, schools were created. Eventually, these schools became more than centers of just attainment the art of reading and writing, but they also became centers of learning of botany, astronomy, medicine, and mathematics.People becoming more literate and more knowledgeable helped greatly in the development of the civilizations. Both writings, cuneiform and hieroglyphics, were invented to improve the record keeping of the civilization. By having a written language, Egypt and Sumer could kept records, draw up contracts and official documents, record laws and legal judgments, and record sales. As time went on, being able to write also enabled people to write down formulas, procedures, legends, prayers, and hymns.Even though there were many differences between cuneiform and hieroglyphics, there were many similarities. These similarities caused writing to be important in the growth of Sumer and Egypt.

Human experience and moral Essay Example for Free

Human experience and lesson EssayTo remember that it is human experience and moral set that will last forever and remained unchanged, and the growth of human conscience further awakens to a newer and better future experiences are not dropped to mere past preferably they become a recollection and a refraction to a disco rattling of new you. The door not just a big wooden barricade to the entrance of our house exclusively also an explosion to my emotions. Goodbyes were being said as happy birthdays? It was confusion that began to consume my mind and heart as my parents walked break through the door not knowing when I will see them again. Excitement, happiness and joyfulness flowing along my blood as I began to realize I am alone and everything my eyes spotted belonged to me. Heaven was the chosen word by my desensitized numbness mind. However, a feeling of guilt made this question shake up my musical themes, Do I take away the right to enjoy this joyful moment of being alo ne, knowing that my stupefy is going for a battle for his survival? As I was climbing the stair case to regain my nest, where any the gatherings and the devious planning of severe times were held, I ignored my feeling of guilt and the heading of my fathers journey and I started thinking, HeyLet the fun begin Little was my knowledge about come up and choice. To the very least, I totally knew their denotations. What happened to my father was neither his choice nor of the family but certainly a chance and for what chance it was, I did not know and did not strive to know. I saw everything as a pure chance. With parents a bureau and no exact time when to be home it was a real chance to own my time a chance to go party everyday, stay up late, go to school late, and skip classes, neglecting the fact that along chances are series of choices and the interplay of the two alongside my treatment determines the tonus of my life.I allowed myself to be fully consumed with the faithlessl y jollification of life. Partying with friends was a gauge for fulfillment. Shouts and yells became the expression of being fully alive. I was unmindful of my dad who was into a distinct tone of shouting and yelling for pain and survival. We were at the opposite poles on the single line of human feeling. Instead of reaching out, I moved away. going away to parties everyday meant staying up late at night. It resulted to going to school late and even skipping classes and the rest was a worse, if not worst, history of an irresponsible student and woman.The strand effects of my single unrecognized and unmeditated act delivered me to a world of guilt and shame and if nourished by pride, I will be lured forever into false happiness. I messed up my life Where am I to start? Where do I begin? Never can a plant, young or not, fail when its branches are cut. Roots have to be found and uprooted. The same is true with my case. What is the root of my insensitivity to my familys case? Certainl y, it wasnt about going to party, strip and skipping classes, etc. It was about how I viewed and dealt with whats going on around.It was about having certain chances and making the right choices where decision making, anticipating, and understanding come in. True enough, it is only when I failed and committed mistakes that I came to realize had I thought things over and anticipated before acting, I wouldnt be this bad and guilty, and had I thought that I have the choice to do what is right and not act on emotional satisfaction and childishness, I wouldnt be messing my life this way and made my parents disappointed. My life is a chance and how I live it is a choice its quality is in my hands. How should I live it?Wherever you go the riff will always be blue. This line rang a bell to my ear. Certain things around are given for what they are and neither you nor I have the power to change them. And life is not about changing what we cannot but moving towards what is, for the whole hu manity, true and therefore unchangeable. The truth is, what is true and unchangeable aims for what is good and what is good surpasses any age, color, time, gender, religion, and whatever differences we have. The whole existence of life should be directed towards doing good, and its meaning is not our own selfish definition but the one true word LOVE.It was sad to admit that I was not excuse for failing to recognize what good I should have done that very moment of my life, but it would be bitter if I continue to dwell in that past and live miserably. While I did that mistake of falling into that bluish pit of human existence, I will always have the choice of going out and live life on the banner of goodness and all I need is the staff of caution and discrimination to continue living and making the right choices for every chances that come my way.To remember that it is human experience and moral values that will last forever and remained unchanged, and the growth of human conscience further awakens to a newer and better future, I will always, not just remember, do good for the rest of my life. Merge the whole of myself in my eyes, and go towards the vision, go towards the vision, go towards the vision.

Compare And Contrast Ipv4 And Ipv6

Comp be And Contrast Ipv4 And Ipv6Before we discuss about how the IP works at the engagement story to provide connectionless, best campaign go to the upper floors, we should understand what the role of IP is. To help us more understand about the question.Below argon a few invoice of the important role in the question.The meshwork communications protocol (IP) IP is a protocol routined for communication entropy across a tract-switched interne cardinalrk using the Internet Protocol Suite, as well as referred to as TCP/IP, while the connectionless service is provided by IP version 4.IP version 4 is just design with trammel lower overhead to ensure it deliver speed.The Network Layer -It is the 3rd layer of the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking. The network layer responds to service requests from the transport layer and issues service requests to the info striking layer.Upper layer The last 3 layers of the OSI model, Session, Presentation and Application layer are referred to the Upper layers. These layers are responsible for applications communicating between hosts. None of the upper layers know eitherthing about networking or network continuees.Connectionless/Best effort Service communication between two network end-user in which a message can be sent from sender to receiver without knowing of the receiver.The Internetwork Protocol (IP) provides a best effort network layer service for connecting computers to form a computer network. each(prenominal) computer is identified by one or more globally unique IP process. The network layer PDUs are known as either software packages or datagram. Each software program carries the IP steer of the sending computer and also the address of the intended delve receiver or recipients of the packet. Other management information is also carried. The IP network service transmits datagrams between intermediate nodes using IP routers. The routers themselves are simple since no information is sto red concerning the datagrams which are forwarded on a link. The closely complex part of an IP router is concerned with determining the optimum link to use to r severally each destination in a network. This process is known as routing. Although this process is computationally intensive, it is only performed at periodic intervals.An IP network normally uses a dynamic routing protocol to find alternate routes whenever a link becomes unavailable. This provides considerable robustness from the failure of either links or routers, but does not undertake reliable delivery. Some applications are happy with this basic service and use a simple transport protocol known as the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) to access this best effort service.Internet Protocol provides in Version 4 (IPv4) is to ensure that the IP packet header is error-free through with(predicate) computation of a checksum at the routing nodes. This has the side-effect of discarding packets with bad headers on the spot, and caus e the lost of data packet. The design of internet protocol is one of the reason cause connectionless services. It assumes that the network infrastructure is inherently unreliable at any single network element or transmission medium and that it is dynamic in terms of availability of links and nodes. Without any central monitoring or performance measurement facility exists that tracks or importanttains the state of the network. So in order to easy the work, the intelligence in the network is purposely mostly located in the end nodes of each data transmission. Because of it, the network only can provide the best transmission and it was call the best-effort protocol.AdvantagesThey are stateless having no previously defined protocol.It is easily accessible.Fast deliver SpeedDisadvantagesThe lack of reliability allows any of the next fault events to occurdata corruptionlost data packetsduplicate arrivalout-of-order packet deliveryThe primary goal of IP is to provide the basic algorithm for transfer of data to and from a network. In order to achieve this, it follow throughs two functions addressing and fragmentation. It provides a connectionless delivery service for the upper-layer protocols. This means that IP does not set up a posing (a virtual link) between the transmitting station and the receiving station prior to submitting the data to the receiving station. It encapsulates the data handed to it and delivers it on a best-effort basis. IP does not inform the sender or receiver of the status of the packet it merely attempts to deliver the packet and willing not make up for the faults encountered in this attempt. This means that if the data link fails or incurs a recoverable error, the IP layer will not inform anyone. It tried to deliver (addressed) a message until failed.IP submits a mightily formatted data packet to the destination station and does not expect a status response. Because IP is a connectionless protocol, IP may receive and deliver the data (d ata sent to the transport layer in the receiving station) in the wrong order from which it was sent, or it may duplicate the data. Again, it is up to the higher-layer protocols (layer 4 and above) to provide error convalescence procedures. IP is part of the network delivery system. It accepts data and formats it for transmission to the data link layer. (Remember, the data link layer provides the access methods to transmit and receive data from the attached cable plant.) IP also retrieves data from the data link and presents it to the requesting upper layer (Naugle, 1999).Compare and contrast IPv4 and IPv6. Justify your answer.thither are two version of the internet protocol are implemented in the network layer today, which is Internet Protocol version 4(IPv4) and Internet Protocol version 6(IPv6).Today, most the internet are still implement the IPv4 but some of the internet are already bear to IPv6, which is the newest version of the internet protocol. He also tell that the Inter net Protocol version 5(IPv5) is for experimental purpose, not for deployment purpose (White, 2009, p.348).There are differences between the current of IPv4 and IPv6. The main difference between the IPv4 and IPv6 is the addressing of the IPv4 and IPv6 that provided. White (2009, p.348) rarify that there have only 32-bit addresses that used by IPv4, which means only entertain until 32-bit of the IP address that provide by IPv4. Forouzan (2007, p.549) argues with White that the IPv4 is 32-bit address, which mean the IPv4 address are unique, means the address are only one and universally when the connection between the informant and destination. Forouzan also stated that the two devices cannot have the said(prenominal) internet protocol (IP) addresses when the connections are established between the source and destination. For example, if the source or destination at the network layer has m connections to the Internet, it will aim having m address.In IPv6, there have 128-bits long address that provided by IPv6 compare to IPv4, which consist of 32-bits address, means that the IPv6 address consist 4 times to IPv4 addressAnother difference between the current of IPv4 and IPv6 is the government note of the address that supplyn by the IPv4 and IPv6. Currently, the IPv4 addresses are being constitute as 32 bits in binary program notation, which is support 1 and 0 only. 1 is represent hostid and 0 is represent netid, and also computer only can understand the language which the human cannot understand. Each 8 bits are representing 1 octet, mean the 1 octet are consist of 1 byte. That why IPv4 are only support to 32-bit of address or 4-byte address. The following to show the example of the IPv4 address in binary notations01110101 10010101 00011101 00000010In order to make the human can understand and read the binary notation, the internet are converted the binary-notation into decimal and separating the byte by using dot. The following to show the example of the I Pv4 address in dotted-decimal notation117.149.29.2Refer to the effigy 1.0, it represent that both the binary notation and dotted-decimal notation of the IPv4 address. Because each octet are represent 8-bits, the range of each octet are 0 until 255(Forouzan, 2007, p.550). bode 1.0 Dotted-decimal notation and binary notation for an IPv4 address (Source http//www.comptechdoc.org/os/linux/manual4/ipdecimal.html).Similar to IPv6, the IP address in IPv6 also represent in binary notation. Only assorted is the IPv6 are using the hexadecimal colon notation to make the address understandable and readable. Refer to figure 1.1, 128-bit are being divided into 8 sections in the hexadecimal colon notation. Each section has 2 byte and each 2 byte is requiring 4 hexadecimal digits (Forouzan, 2007, p.567).Figure 1.1 IPv6 address in binary and hexadecimal colon notation (Source http//www.slideshare.net/WayneJonesJnr/ch19-3361671)Another the different between the IPv4 and IPv6 is the IP datagram for mat that represent by the IPv4 and IPv6. In IPv4, there are 15 fields in the IPv4 packet header. Refer to the figure 1.3, it show that the number of the field, the format of the IPv4. The Version field contains the version of IP, which is version number of the IPv4 is number 4 and ensures the device send the packet through to the internet from source to destination implement the appropriate various field.The Intermediate Header Length (IHL) specifies the size of the packet header, which the multiples of 32-bit words. If the options require in the datagram, it will require filling the padding bytes with unusual multiple of 32 bit.The Type of Service (TOS) fields allow the process to determine the precedence, which is relative priority of the application data and preferred attributes associated the following path.The Total Length (TL) or tract Length (PL) field will pomp the whole packet size, including byte of header and data (Halsall, 2005, p.322).The Flags field consist tierce c ontrol flags, which is reserved control flags, Dont particle control flags and More Fragment control flags. Two control frags, which are Dont Fragment control flags and More Fragment control flags, use to control the fragmentation (The TCP/IP Guide, 2005).The Time-to-Live (TTL) field is to indicate the maximum the packet can be transmitted through the Internet. When the packet passes through the router, the TTL will decrement the number of transit of the packet remaining by one hop. When the TTL become 0, the packet will be discarded by the router.The Protocol field is enables the Network layer to pass the data to the correct upper layer protocol.The Header Checksum field is to identify the error at packet header. It also applied to protect from packet corruption during the transmission of the network.The Source Address and finale Address field is containing the address where the packets send or comes from (Halsall, 2005, p.324).There are 5 fields in the options fields, which is c opied fields, option class fields, option number, option length and option data. An option field is make all fragments of split up packets will save into the option if the option is being set by 1. Option class is define as a common option category, which 0 is represent control option and 2 is represent debugging and measurement option. The 1 and 3 is for reservation(Wikipedia,2010).Figure 1.3 IPv4 datagram/packet format and header fields (TCP/IP Guide, 2005)In IPv6, there are only 9 fields in the IPv6 packet header, means that the IPv6 field has been simplified compare to the IPv4, contains 15 fields, as shown in figure 1.4.The Version field contains the version of IP, which is version number of the IPv6 is number 6 and ensures the device send the packet through to the internet from source to destination implement the appropriate various field (TCP/IP Guide, 2005).The Traffic Class field is similar function as TOS in IPv4, which is allow the process to determine the different prio rity of the application data and preferred attributes associated the following path (Akashah, 2006).The Flow Label field is provided the additional support datagram delivery and quality of service (QOS) features with creating a large field.The Payload Length field is does not like the TL field from the IPv4, which is display whole size of packet but only display the payload byte number. The length of the extension header would be counted if the extension header will be included, means including the Hop-by-Hop Option, Routing, Fragment, Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP), Authentication Header (AH) and Destination Option.The Next Header field is to determine the first extension header of the next header in the datagram if the datagram contain the extension header. If the datagram contain only the main header and does not contain the extension headers, it will function as the IPv4 Protocol field. It also contain the same value, which the IPv6 version of the common protocol use thoug h the new number.The Hop Limit (HL) field is similar function as TTL from the IPv4 field, which is remaining life of packet travel through the internet before discarded by the router while become 0. The purpose of the HL is preventing the packet infinite loop at internetwork. Before the packet send to the destination, the sending host will set the HL value. When the packets pass through the router, the router will decrease the HL value by 1 and until become 0, the packet will be discarded.The Source Address and Destination Address is similar function as the Source Address and Destination Address from the IPv4 field, which Source Address is contain the address where the packet are comes from. The Destination Address is contain the address that where the packet send to.Figure 1.4 IPv6 datagram/packet format and header fields (TCP/IP Guide, 2005) role 2Introduction of the chosen adventure.The three games that we choose is bill Packet. Peter Packet is the education game represents th e how the packets deliver through the internet. These games also represent how the packet can avoid from attacking virus and hackers. This game also can learn the lesson while the frauds play this game.How to play the chosen game? You may yarn-dye screen the layout to support your reports.Here we have the instruction how to play the Peter Packet this game.This is Peter Packet. He is responsible to deliver the life packet through the internet.Figure 2.0 The screenshot is represent which difficulties you deficiency to choose.Before you want to play this game, first you want to choose the difficulties of the game as show in figure 2.0.Figure 2.1 The screenshot is show which destination you want to chooseAfter we choose the difficulties, then we choose which destination we want to proceed as shown in figure 2.1.This proscribe is show that the health status of the character.After we choose our destination we want, then we will show you the instruction how to play this game.Click the skip button to skip this section.The ostracize is show you that how many mission remaining you want to complete.Click the character if you want learn more about it. printing press the back button if you want proceed to next section.Press the back button if you want back to previous section.Press the help button if you want to learn the tutorial again.Press the mute button if you want to silent or you want the sound.Figure 2.2 Speed up the character by using mouse right or press the right arrowFigure 2.2 is show that if you want speed up the character you mustiness press the right arrow or move the mouse to your right.Figure 2.3 Slow down the character by pressing left arrow or move the mouse leftThe figure 2.3 is show that if you want to slow down the character, you must press the left arrow or moves the mouse to left. perk up the encryption shields to protect from being caughtFigure 2.4 Get the encryption shields that protect from caught by Hackers.Figure 2.4 shows that if you wa nt get rid from the Hackers you must to get the encryption shields to protect the character. Otherwise you will overfly up by using up arrow or move up mouse to avoid being caught. Same as the virus, if you want to kill the virus, you must get the antivirus sprayFigure 2.5 double click or pressing the up arrow twice if you want the character adds a flip.Figure 2.5 shows that if you jump not enough high, you can apply the flip for the character by pressing the arrow twice or double click.What are the benefits of playing this game to each of your groups member? Share your experiences and justifications.Leong Yun SiongThe Benefit that I gain from playing this game is know how the internet play role important are, how the packet pass through the internet and the world started to emphasis the education, especially the women and the children from hardcore poor family and the personal hygiene. I also know how the router chooses the faster path of the network and also know how the electrom agnet interference will interrupt the packet will cause the network congestion. I also know how the packet segmenting and reassembling.Phang Won MengThe Peter Packet is a funny game which contains a lot of useful information. By playing this game, we can understand there are many obstructers like hacker, Viruses and pass disruptions may occur when the packet are under the deliver. The game also provides and friendly user interface design with meaningful explanations and introduction to let player can learn more efficiency when playing the game. Inside the story of Peter Packet, Users can also find a lot of extra information like can learn information about social and environmental challenges in 3 countries that are Zimbabwe, Haiti and India in the developing world. Inside the story of Peter Packet, Users can also find a lot of extra information like that many people have died of AIDS and been exposed to HIV in Zimbabwe. Peter has the mission of helping to spread the word about this disease and get international aid. Players learn about the problems of lack access to clean drinking water in Haiti caused by years of environmental degradation from the harmful practice of intensive clear-cutting of trees, resulting in pollution and saltwater contamination. This useful information will help increase users knowledge and improve his moral.

The Book Of Isaiah Theology Religion Essay

The Book Of Isaiah Theology Religion EssayThe hold up of Isaiah can be divided into 2 sections the judgment and the comfort. The set-back thirty nine chapters are about judgment and the rest is comfort. The harbor of Isaiah is about the prophet Isaiah and the visions he saw regarding Judah and capital of Israel. Isaiah was mainly called upon by perfection to portend to the people of the kingdom of Judah. Judah was experiencing some difficult times and was on the verge of being destroyed by Egypt and Assyria, but God showed them mercy and spared their life. The ledger of Isaiah paints a picture of Gods forthcoming judgment. The mighty man will become tinder and his work a spark both will turn together, with no iodine to quench the fire (Isaiah 131), this shows how powerful Gods judgment is it is going to come blazing down like a forest fire. The book of Isaiah as well as mentions that Isaiah also recognizes that our God is merciful, compassionate and gracious. According to the book of Isaiah, the great nation of Israel (Judah and Israel) was deaf as a beetle and blind as a bat when it came to Gods commands. The book of Isaiah, more so than other, emphasizes on Messiah and the salvation that follows him. One day, the Messiah will rule in business and justice, a king will find in righteousness and rulers will rule with justice (Isaiah 321). Peace and safety will be brought by the Messiah through Him, Israel will be the light house and all the nations will bear up to Israel. The book of Isaiah mainly focuses on the kingdom of Messiah on earth it also says that Gods righteousness is entirely revealed during Messiahs reign.As an ambiguity, the book represents Messiah to be the one to suffer. Christ suffered in his body arm yourselves also with the same attitude, because whoever suffers in the body is through with(p) with sin (1 Peter 41), the book of Isaiah also mentions that you can only be healed through his wound. Although God punishes sinners he also comforts them at the time of their trouble, for instance As a mother comforts her child, so will I comfort you (Isaiah 6613)RESPONSEAccording to the first measure of the book of Isaiah, it was about the visions of Isaiah. If that was the case who is the author of the book could it have been, Isaiah? Toward the end of the book, it describes the arrival of the Messiah and all the suffering he has to tolerate in assign to wipe our sins clean. In order to fulfill all the prophecies in this book, the sovereign Lord organized every detail down to the crucifixion. All throughout the book of Isaiah, the main themes were the judgment and salvation of the people of Israel. From what I have noticed, the book of Isaiah is mentions a group of angels, called seraphim. It introduces the idea of heaven. The book also mentions Lucifer, an angel of god, the days in the first place became the devil. One of Isaiahs prophecies was one that was truly remarkable it was the prediction of the Persian kin g Cyrus and his life, were mentioned long before his birth. Isaiahs calling from god was mainly make the people of Judah and Jerusalem repent, and return to god as he is the judge, the jury, and the executioner. According to the book of Isaiah, Isaiahs job as a prophet was to deliver an important message repent your sins to the God and that Salvation comes not from man but the God almighty. The first chapter in the book of Isaiah, God promises the people two things the first for the people who are good, and the spot for the sinners. Gods promise to the obedient one was you will eat from the best of the land (Isaiah 119) and to the disobedient people, you will be devoured by the sword (Isaiah 120). If you look at the Isaiahs prophecies they were basically depictions of the life of Jesus Christ and his ministry. why was the Northern Kingdom, Israel, being judged upon? What was Israel doing that made God so angry, that He decided to punish them for their sins? Why is the verse, For al l this His anger is not turned away, But His hand is stretched out still. (Isaiah 912, 17, 21 104) repeated several times in the book of Isaiah? What does it signify? When I first started reading the book of Isaiah, one thing that I noticed is the fact that the book had 66 chapters and the first 39 chapter, the judgment, and the give way 27 chapter, the coming of messiah and the salvation. Similarly, the Bible has 66 books divided into 39 books, the Old Testament, and 27 books, the New Testament. Are these numbers related to each other, if so does that symbolize anything? Something that needs to be further analyzed.

Positivism and study of society

Positivism and study of societyPositivism was named by Auguste Comte in 19th century, which was influenced by early quackery of Enlightenment- with achieve the gulls which include make objective knowledge and formulate the universal laws. The Rationalism also contri provideded incontrovertibleness to im testify the human conditions but not beau ideal (Smith, 2003, p76). Positivism has three development puts after it was mentioned- the early favorableness, the ordered positivism and standard positivism (Smith, 2003, p77). This essay lead discuss the early positivism and synthetic positivism. As a branch of charlatanism, the broader sense of positivism is the true knowledge which should be found on sense experiences, and only can be sophisticated by observation and experiment, avoided all metaphysical or speculation (Urmson, 1960). Anformer(a) definition in this essay which should be introduced is the percentages of positivism. In this essay, contribution meaning the posit ivism how to create knowledge than before but not only focus on whatever positivists theory or the contributions in any specific subject. Positivism affected the studies of society since early 19th century to now although some mass point out positivism is not able for the development of society nowadays (Smith, 2003, p76). In this essay, the contributions of positivism atomic number 18 how the positivism creates knowledge. The orderology of positivism was complete the theory of empiricism in Enlightenment. Based on positivism orderology, the disagreeable(a) system was implemented in study of society by Positivists. The critical evaluation of these contributions result be stated in every section. This essay go forth also state using modern sight to review the contributions of positivism.Early positivism contributed to create a framework of research method and the basic principles of positivism. After early positivism, capital of Austria Circle highly-developed the opinion s and created synthetical positivism. Positivists followed the same thought to watch over truth out no upshot which stage of positivism. All of them had contributions in history.As mentioned above, positivism is a branch of empiricism. Comparing with empiricism in Enlightenment, the biggest contribution of positivism is complete the methodology on empiricism and lead the positivism nearly regard to scientific spirit today (Heidegren, 2006, p92). Through this methodology, new scientific methods will be completed and applied on social science. The ontology of positivism methodology is the world is external and objective, and the observers should be independent and be neutral in the researches (Smith, 2003). infra this situation, the epistemology of positivism is building guessinges and then to find the relationships between limited facts in social phenomena, and formulate universal laws at last (Smith, 2003). Be neutral and objective were positivists insert in the positivism meth odology and affect the whole society.Take an instance for the contribution of neutral and objective in positivism is the positivist approach in criminology. Before the positivism, criminal suspects could prove their own criminal behaviours and this lead some criminal suspects were suffering and had to admit the behaviours which were not existed. However, positivists thought this was not humanistic and criminal suspects should be avoid from evidences, that means the criminal suspects cannot prove their own criminal behaviours (Simon, 2006).However, the contribution of neutral and objective has been forefronted. For display case, legal positivism has begun to be questioned in recent years. Priel pointed out Legal positivism is the thesis that one does not need to rely on evaluative considerations in order to identify what the law is in his essay (2006). He had the question about the validity and content of legal positivism (Priel, 2006).Based on the positivism methodology, early pos itivists completed the scientific methods. As a representative of philosophers in Enlightenment, Bacon created science of method, there were three steps in the scientific method. First, making observations and repeat the observations, which were based on experiments. Secondly, classify the observations. Finally, formulating the observations to laws through inductive think (Porter, 2007, p21-22). Comte and Durkheim inherited the scientific method and completed this scientific method to six steps, 1) make an observation, 2) suggest a question, 3) formulate a hypothesis and except outline, 4) examination the hypothesis through experiment method, 5) to examine the data and 6) formulate a universal law (Cohen el al, 2007). Positivism completed the procedure of scientific method, inserted hypothesis and experiment. Hypothesis in scientific method was the speculations of relationships between factors- the causes and effects (Cohen el al, 2007). The experiment means to make a test in a con trolled artificial environment which had small number of variables, this system was named closed system and which will be discussed later (Smith, 2003).Hypothesis is not only the speculation of the research, but also the key of the research. Positivists mentioned this notion of hypothesis and lead the scientific method to become complete and more validity. Basically, the research is built on hypothesis, no matter in natural science or social science. For example, scientific method is applied in natural science such as biology, chemistry, physics, and other else. In social science, scientific method is also applied widely, such as economy, legal system, psychology and other subjects. Figure 1 is a good example to show the hypothesis has became one of the most important links in economic study.Applying the closed system in social science is another contribution of the early positivism, as the notion of experiment which is mentioned above. Before the positivism, people only applied sci entific method in natural science. Comte and Durkheim believe the social science is similar as natural science and closed system can be applied and the truth and law in social science will be found. This thought provided a model for studying the social science and made people create more knowledge about the society.There are three closures in the closed system- experimental closure, theoretical closure, and statistical closure. Experimental closure is through the experiment methods in an artificial environment to get an data-based purpose (Smith, 2003). This kind of closure is usually applied in psychology and other similar subjects. Theoretical closure is usually building theory models to analyse the relationships between variables (Smith, 2003). Theoretical closure has been applied in economy widely. For example, economists anticipate the trend of national economy through the theory models. The last closure is statistical closure which means finding relationships between differen t variables through quantitative measurable data sets (Smith, 2003). This closure is used in economy, psychology, political science and other subjects widely. For example, customer satisfaction investigation, examination of electoral results and so on.Early positivists let people study and understand society better through applied scientific method and closed system in study of social science and tried to obtain definite objective knowledge. However, some disadvantages are existed when positivists applying scientific method and closed system in study of social science. There are too many other unpredictable variables exist outside of the boundary of closed system which can affect the results (Smith, 2003). In addition, some social variables cannot be measurable such as beliefs and scientific method maybe not equal for this situation (Bryman Bell, 2007). coherent positivism is a development of early positivism and appeared in early 1920s (Smith, 2003). A group of philosophers who h ad informal discussions at the University of Vienna and they were named Vienna Circle (Smith, 2003). The logical positivism was promoted by Vienna Circle, the centre of the logical positivism was still avoid any kind of metaphysics and unsound attempts (Smith, 2003). According to Ganguly (1967), logical positivism is a kind of the empiricism which with a premise that the objects can be verifiable empirically and meaningful. Comparing with early positivism, logical positivism has ambition to all knowledge which cannot be verified (Smith, 2003).One of the contributions of logical positivism is the meaning of the theory should be communicable. Logical positivists proposed achieve this target through synthetic and analytic statement (Ganguly, 1967). Ayer was a famous positivist who contributed much in logical positivism, and he pointed out that the quarrel which was used in science should simple, clear and free from mystification (Ganguly, 1967). Smith pointed out that this proposal l ed many to refer to this new approach as the linguistic move around in the philosophy of the social sciences. (2003)Another contribution of logical positivism is logical positivists provide verifiability principle. Combining with induction in logical positivism, logical positivists believed the existing value-free could be achieved (Ganguly, 1967). Before the logical positivism, researches were based on designers purposes, therefore, the researches would be disturbed by designers opinions although they tried to avoid that. For example, in some marketing satisfaction investigations, the questionnaire will bring researchers subjective and leading the answers. Some theories such as physics theories which cannot be experiment directly should be proved by logic methods. Logical positivists tried to make absolute objective topic and find the real objective truth. Their strict method and serious scientific spirit lead people to treat natural and social sciences carefully, and the real tr uth can be found without any subjective.However, some experts pointed out there are problems on logical positivism. First, the language requirement of logical positivism makes people confuse about the truth. Indeed, it is hard to translate the language because this doctrine defined the language so only (Ritchie, 2009). Secondly, the logical positivists mentioned the knowledge should be verifiable and logical, however, some theories is hard to be proved but people cannot say that is metaphysics (Ritchie, 2009).Positivism contributed so much in history and still influencing the philosophies and study of natural and social sciences today. Positivists provided useful framework in its period and helped people to collect knowledge. Positivism is an extreme philosophy which debate to interpretivism, however, it is the time to combine them together to develop new framework for study of society (Ricciardi, 2009). As mentioned above, some weaknesses are existed when positivists applied scie ntific method and closed system in social sciences and obtained the knowledge, such as some hide variables are ignored by closed system when studying social sciences. Under this situation, the validity of the research will be questioned and it is not follow the principles of positivism. Therefore, new framework or new philosophy should be created to solve this problem and flip the positivism.To sum up, positivism was mentioned in early 19th century, Comte and Durkhaim were the founders of the positivism. The purpose of positivism is finding the absolute objective true knowledge, different stage of positivism followed this thought and tried best to avoid metaphysics and subjective. Early positivists who were influenced by empiricism in Enlightenment and completed the positivism methodology, new completed scientific method was created based on this situation. Early positivists developed the closed system and enhance the development of sciences as well. Furthermore, early positivists applied scientific method and closed system in study of society, this helped people to understand the world better in that period, although some disadvantages were exist, such as some variables in society were ignored. Vienna Circle developed the thoughts and methods in early positivism and created logical positivism. They applied more strict principles to find the objective truth. The most important contributions of logical positivism were using exactly accurate language to describe the theories and verifiable principle. These lead the sciences to be objective and more accurate. However, the weaknesses are still in logical positivism, for example, using exactly language will bring the barriers in communication in different languages. As the development of philosophy and sciences, positivism emerge more and more weakness and will be replaced by other new philosophies. Positivism has depth influence in history and the contributions cannot be eliminated.BibliographyBryman, A. Bell, E. (2007) Business research methods, published by Oxford Oxford University Press, second Ed, 2007Cohen, L., Manion, L. Morrison, K. (2007) The Scientific Method, Research methods in education, published by Routledge, New York, in 2007Ganguly, S. (1967) Logical positivism- as a theory of meaning, published by Allied Publishers closed-door Limited, India, in 1967Heidegren, CG (2006) Positivism before Logical Positivism in Nordic Philosophy, The Vienna Circle in the Nordic Countries, published by Springer, published in 2006Porter, D. (2007) Bacons Method and Coleridges Empiricism, Knowledge broken Empiricist method and the forms of Romanticism, Presented to the Faculties of the University of Pennsylvania in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, published in 2007Priel, D. (2006) disturbance FOR LEGAL POSITIVISM?, Legal Theory, Published by Cambridge University Press, published in 12/2006, p225-263Ricciardi, F. (2009) Epistemology of Informatio n Systems Time for Something New? Positivism, Interpretivism, and Beyond, Information Systems People, Organizations, Institutions, and Technologies, published on 03/10/2009Ritchie, A. (2009) Errors of Logical Positivism, Philosophy, Vol 12 Issue 45, published in 02/2009Simon, J (2006) Positively Punitive How the Inventor of Scientific Criminology Who Died at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century Continues to shop American Crime Control at the Beginning of the Twenty-First, Texas Law Review, Vol 84, Issue 7, published in 06/2006, accessed on 09/03/2010Smith, M. (2003) Social science in question, edited, designed, and typeset by The Open University, published in 1998, reprinted 2002 and 2003Urmson, O. (1960) The concise encyclopedia of western philosophy and philosophers, Urmson, O. edited, publisher HUTCHINSON CO. London

Psychological and Social Characteristic of Juvenile Offenders Essay

However, social interactions and socialization theories also have been a general way to reason criminal behaviour. The followers of routine activity stated that if a child learns that for example stealing is cardinal way to get what they want, they bequeath do it again. All they need is motivation, suitable target and absence of guardians. At this point, we might notice a link with the above mentioned reasons (absence of father, or lack of winsome treatment in family) which indicates that there is no one commonly accepted reason or special background what predicts criminal behaviour but it is a complex situation effected by a lot of complementary circumstances. In the following, the focus will fall on an analysis of a forensic psychological reports prepared for juvenile offenders and other reports of the characteristic of juvenile offenders. Presenting these results may help us to decide whether the previously mentioned reasons behind criminal behaviour comply or not. I am well- aware of the fact that is far not representative or not even close to decide the discussion about the psychological background of juvenile offenders but might be a good step to start. 2. Empirical researches of juvenile offendersPsychological reports are commonly requested by juvenile courts throughout the world to assist in determining the most appropriate options for juvenile offenders. The written report is the major vehicle for psychologists to communicate their discernment procedures, findings and recommendations. In 2003, Anthony Thompson and Megan Webster embarked upon to analyse 81 forensic psychological court reports on juvenile offenders. The results have shown that almost all of the young people who were ordered for legal opinion experienced multiple problem... ... and delinquency. They concluded that proportionately more adjudicated deserted children than public school children were learning disabled, although self-report data indicated no significant differences in the incidence of delinquent activity. 3. ConclusionThe aim of this short paper was to present diametrical theoretical approaches and then tests them on empirical results and facts. Altogether we saw that there is no one coherent and eternal reason with which one could reason the criminal activity, however, a few factors such as broken family, lack of education and other different circumstances might contribute to criminal behaviour. This topic and further researches are highly relevant and desirable in order to create and maintain an in effect(p) crime prevention system, which reacts to the possible risk factors and divert children from dangerous situations.

Alternative Medicines: Homeopathy, Acupuncture, Aromatherapy, Chiroprac

An ancient Chinese proverb pro takes, Nature, time and patience argon the three great doctors. Nowadays more and more people choose to be treated by methods that are not based on Western systematic techniques that are the knowledge and practice of medicine which is usual in the West. These methods are known as Alternative medicine, which consists of homeopathy, acupuncture, aromatherapy, chiropractic medicine and others. Chinese medicine is also gaining popularity among people. The alternative way of treatment has verified its efficiency and is methodically founded, but, unfortunately, has its teensy disadvantages and needs a scientific base. For that reason, the alternative medicine is not generally available in all countries, and people have to pay for their individual treatment. Whereas whatsoever people consider it an ambiguity and do not dare try it because they consider it might be quite dangerous or insecure, both(prenominal) others undecomposed think about it as nonsense and pay little or no attention to it. People who feel anxious or doubtful of it claim that if non-traditional medicine had really worked, then appropriate doctors would have used it. Nevertheless, since the early 1980s, the alternative medicine has become increasingly popular, and although it is not officially accepted by the medical base, some doctors do accept that such methods can be effective in treating some types of illnesses. Moreover, usual medicine has its boundaries, since some illnesses are untreatable and some others which are caused by mental troubles cannot be cured by its methods (Kowalski, 1998). In distinction, an alternative way of treatment can be efficient in conglomerate circumstances and there is a common approval that its methods can be valuable and advant... ...http//elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=2749982Epiro, E. & Walsh, N., (1997). Alternative medical specialtyPart Two Mind Body MedicineExpanding Health Model. Patient Care 15 Sept. 1997 127-145. Retrieved Fe bruary 13, 2011, fromhttp//www.oppap.com/subjects/health-and-medicine-of-the-middle-ages-page6.htmlFurman, B., (1997). Trendy Traditional Medicine for a Modern Age. San Diego Business Journal 10 Mar. 1997 A7-8. Retrieved February 13, 2011, from www.oppapers.com/subjects/diego-rod/Krizmanic, J., (1995). The Best of both(prenominal) Worlds Vegetarian Times Nov. 1995 96-101. Retrieved February 13, 2011, fromwww.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0820/Kowalski, K., (1998). Alternative Medicine Is It For You? Springfield, New Jersey Enslow Publishers. Retrieved February 14, 2011, fromhttp//biography.jrank.org/pages/553/Kowalski-Kathiann-M-1955-Writings.html